Hi, here's another of those silly pictures that proves even 10 is quite different from 0 -
As for the stops business - if you double 1/60 you get 1/30 and if you halve it you get 1/120 (but to keep things neat they round it up to 1/125 so the next one can be 1/250sec.) What's important to understand is these figures are fractions - put a 1 and a slash in front of the number and it all starts to make sense - eventually (says he with not even a CSE in maths!)
Apertures are a little less obvious but the normal sequence (halfing the amount of light entering the lens each time in this sequence)is 1.4,2,2.8,4,5.6,8,11,16,22, anything appearing between those figures is a third or a half of a whole stop,