Re: Shoot the stars.....
how long an exposure I would need to be able to show the earths movement...
You will start to get trailing of the stars near the celestial equator with an exposure time of about 500/F seconds, where F is the focal length in millimetres. So the maximum exposure without trailing for a fixed camera with a 100mm lens would be 500/100 = 5 secs.
Nearer the celestial pole, the movement is less & longer exposures are needed.
These notes are for astrophotographers who want to show stars as points. If you actually want to show trails, I'd start at 5 minutes ... You may find a B+W 491 "Redhancer" filter, or an astronomical broad band anti-pollution filter, useful for reducing the pervasive effects of light pollution. And you'll need to wait for it to go properly dark, in latitude 55N this means until the last week in July as there is perpetual twilight at this time of year.
If you're not living on the edge, you're wasting space